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The discovery of the Sumerians of the 3rd millennium began with the excavation of Tello in 1877, but since then the question of the nature of their civilization has never ceased to be raised. We'll see how scholars of the early 2nd millennium B.C. largely …

Abstract Photovoltaics has great potential, not only because of the resource it uses, but also because the performance of current systems, despite the impressive progress made in recent decades, is still a long way from that predicted by theory. A first …

With photovoltaics, mankind gained access for the first time to a means of producing electrical energy that did not involve rotating parts and the steam thermal cycle. This was made possible by the discovery of the semi-conducting properties of certain …

Abstract Continuing the investigation into archaic eunomia , this lesson looks first at the scope of the term nomos in the work of Hesiod. On the divine level, in the Theogony , the goddess Eunomia is the daughter of Themis and Zeus. As for the nomoi that …

Abstract I'll start by presenting an overview of how to test models and estimate their parameters. I will then show how these concepts are used to analyze data at different levels of complexity. Finally, I will present applications in astrophysics and …

Abstract Under regularity assumptions, the maximum likelihood estimator is shown to be consistent. Fisher information is defined as the variance of the score, which is the gradient of the log likelihood. It is also shown to be the Hessian of the negative …

Abstract Memoirs, diaries and other forms of autobiographical non-fiction make up the submerged part of interwar literature. French diaries, which fill meters of shelves in many French institutions and libraries, represent a field of research that has …

Abstract Paul Valéry's " Nous autres, civilisations, nous savons maintenant que nous sommes mortelles " is an almost exact echo of Bernard de Cluny's few verses quoted in the previous lesson, if only for the somewhat derisory power accorded to names, …

Abstract Citizenship has two components: membership of the group of citizens (the citizen body) and the rights, duties, and obligations the citizens have towards the community and the state. Each of these components, as well as the connection between …

Do epidemic crises promote social equality? If this idea is resurfacing today, it's thanks to a renewed confidence in historians' ability to handle and compare prices and wages over the long term, in order to identify "small" and "large" divergences, …

The discussion of genius has its roots in literature dating back to antiquity (Pseudo-Aristotle), according to which genius goes hand in hand with melancholy. This association is perpetuated in cultural history, manifesting itself from the 18th century …

Aude Pommeret Aude Pommeret, PhD from Paris I, is Professor of Economics at Savoie-Mont-Blanc University. She previously held positions at HEC Lausanne and the City University of Hong Kong. Her research focuses on the incorporation of uncertainty into …

The division of value creation between consumption and investment is determined by expected rates of return, as set by financial markets. In other words, financial markets and the economic agents who interact with them determine the overall level of …

Abstract Gamma-ray bursts, which sometimes last only a fraction of a second, are the most energetic events in the Universe. Their radiation is continued in the host galaxy by afterglows , at different wavelengths, which help identify their origin, and …