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Abstract Stars form from cold molecular gas in galaxies, at the heart of dark matter halos. However, not all galaxies form their stars in the same way : in every epoch, we can distinguish between galaxies that are actively forming stars, the main-sequence …

Abstract The theory of hierarchical galaxy formation implies a large number of mergers of building blocks to form today's giant galaxies. Galaxies assemble their mass by two competing processes, gas accretion by cosmic filaments and tidal interaction …

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Abstract Today's galaxies have regular, symmetrical morphologies, " spirals " or " ellipticals ". The latest generations of telescopes have shown that primordial galaxies in the distant, young Universe have very different, irregular shapes, most often …

Abstract For   century, the galaxies that surround us have been classified by the Hubble tuning fork or sequence, from elliptical, lenticular, to spiral and irregular galaxies, the latter being in the minority. This sequence may not have been present at …

Abstract The announced electrification of transport will require a veritable Copernican revolution, with the need to produce large quantities of high-performance batteries capable of storing large quantities of energy, and electric motors capable of …

Abstract Our contribution will focus on the legal framework for autonomous cars, which remains incomplete to date. The aim is to provide an overview of the legal problems that the introduction of these new cars may pose, and of possible solutions. While …

Abstract Over the past two decades, research into the history of transport has clearly led to a change in vocabulary. The all-encompassing history of mobility, with its social, political and heritage dimensions, goes far beyond a simple technical …

Abstract The recent craze for walking and reclaiming natural spaces in the city has often resulted in the introduction of a multiplicity of mobilities known as " douces ", sometimes in conflict with each other, which are changing the shape, perceptions …

Abstract The transport sector is responsible for almost a third of France's greenhouse gas emissions. It is the only sector that has failed to reduce its carbon footprint. What needs to be done ? Beyond technical innovations (electric vehicles, …

Abstract Assisted or partially automated driving, robot cabs, delivery droids, driverless shuttles : the long-held dream of the autonomous vehicle is taking shape, thanks to major advances in sensors, artificial intelligence and on-board computing. But …

Abstract Alternative fuels are solutions for decarbonizing the land, air and sea transport sectors. Produced from biomass (advanced biofuels) or CO2 (renewable fuels of non-biological origin), these alternative fuels are compatible with conventional fuels …

Abstract Used directly or as an essential component in the synthesis of alternative fuels, hydrogen has a major role to play in the energy transition of land, sea and air transport. What are the prospects and the associated technological and …