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Abstract The theory of gamma-ray bursts, whether a hypernova explosion or a neutron star merger, involves a fireball that propagates in very rapid time, emitting high-energy gamma rays. Shock waves and cosmic ray acceleration accompany this fireball. …

Abstract Gamma-ray bursts are fireballs resulting from the merger of two neutron stars, or a black hole and a neutron star. High-energy particles are emitted along with intense radiation. Documents and media Download …

Circulation of concepts in the media and social networks Social networks as a battlefield : attention dynamics and concept circulation in the Twittersphere From politics to discussions on global warming to debates on vaccination, social networks are …

The discovery of the Sumerians of the 3rd millennium began with the excavation of Tello in 1877, but since then the question of the nature of their civilization has never ceased to be raised. We'll see how scholars of the early 2nd millennium B.C. largely …

Abstract Photovoltaics has great potential, not only because of the resource it uses, but also because the performance of current systems, despite the impressive progress made in recent decades, is still a long way from that predicted by theory. A first …

With photovoltaics, mankind gained access for the first time to a means of producing electrical energy that did not involve rotating parts and the steam thermal cycle. This was made possible by the discovery of the semi-conducting properties of certain …

Abstract Continuing the investigation into archaic eunomia , this lesson looks first at the scope of the term nomos in the work of Hesiod. On the divine level, in the Theogony , the goddess Eunomia is the daughter of Themis and Zeus. As for the nomoi that …

Abstract I'll start by presenting an overview of how to test models and estimate their parameters. I will then show how these concepts are used to analyze data at different levels of complexity. Finally, I will present applications in astrophysics and …

Abstract Under regularity assumptions, the maximum likelihood estimator is shown to be consistent. Fisher information is defined as the variance of the score, which is the gradient of the log likelihood. It is also shown to be the Hessian of the negative …

Abstract Memoirs, diaries and other forms of autobiographical non-fiction make up the submerged part of interwar literature. French diaries, which fill meters of shelves in many French institutions and libraries, represent a field of research that has …

Abstract Paul Valéry's " Nous autres, civilisations, nous savons maintenant que nous sommes mortelles " is an almost exact echo of Bernard de Cluny's few verses quoted in the previous lesson, if only for the somewhat derisory power accorded to names, …

Abstract Citizenship has two components: membership of the group of citizens (the citizen body) and the rights, duties, and obligations the citizens have towards the community and the state. Each of these components, as well as the connection between …

Do epidemic crises promote social equality? If this idea is resurfacing today, it's thanks to a renewed confidence in historians' ability to handle and compare prices and wages over the long term, in order to identify "small" and "large" divergences, …