Shared evidence. The ambivalence of commonplaces and stereotypes (cf. Ruth Amossy). The power of set phrases and adages (" we can't take in all the misery in the world ", " on est chez nous "). Implicit in ordinary conversations, the play of antiphrases (" elle est belle, la France ! "). Denunciation of elites and " cause du peuple ". Fake news and fact-checking. Brandolini's " law ".
The argumentative competence of ordinary speakers (see Marianne Doury, " L'évaluation des arguments dans les discours ordinaires : le cas de l'accusation d'amalgame ", Langage et société, vol. 105, 2003).
The dominant approach to argumentation in the Anglo-Saxon world: a normative denunciation of fallacies. Continuation of a long tradition : Aristotle's catalog of sophisms (logical sophisms and rhetorical sophisms) ; Arnaud and Nicole, La Logique ou l'art de penser, 1662 (analyzed in Plantin's dictionary, s. v. "Fallacieux IV") ; Bentham, The Book of Fallacies, 1811; Schopenhauer, L'Art d'avoir toujours raison, 1831, published in 1864 ("dialectique éristique").
The principle of reversibility : argument tu quoque, argument ad hominem.
