The earliest forms of Homo sapiens have been identified in North Africa, profoundly changing our understanding of the emergence of our species. Recent discoveries have also revealed traces of the first pioneer populations of Sapiens in Europe, on a continent still largely occupied by Neanderthals. What precisely happened when two closely related but distinct humanities met on the same territories tens of thousands of years ago? Genetic, archaeological and paleontological data reveal that Neanderthals and Sapiens sometimes exchanged genes and, no doubt, techniques.
Research carried out in recent years in western Eurasia has thus profoundly challenged the long-dominant model of a single wave of substitution and, for the first time, provides a better understanding of the mechanisms behind these processes. Far from a linear scenario, the expansion of Homo sapiens appears as a succession of rapid advances, setbacks, interbreeding and innovations. It was a long and winding process, often marked by setbacks, but decisive in the construction of today's humanity.