The climate of the last two millennia

Introduction and Perspective on Climate Forcings and Proxies

Millennial-Length Large-Scale Temperature Reconstructions from Tree-Rings: Knowns and Unknowns

Climate Impacts and Societal Resilience in the Mediterranean of the Last Millennium; the Case of Medieval Byzantium

The Role of Tropical Climate Dynamics on the Decline of Civilizations

New Evidence on Asian Temperature and Hydroclimatic Variability over the Past Two Millennia

Modelling and Understanding the Influence of External Forcings on Climate Variability and Change over the Past Two Millennia

The Role of the Ocean Circulation in Shaping European Climate Variations over the Last Millennium

General discussion and conclusion