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Abstract Fifteen lessons were given under this title, which could take on two or three meanings, depending on the subjective or objective value of the genitive. On the one hand, in the subjective sense, it refers to the memory of which literature is the …

Abstract What is molecular immunology  ? Is it strictly speaking the study of immune system molecules and their interactions  ? Undoubtedly. An important part of immunology deals with receptors and their ligands, and the transmission of signals from the …

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Armand de Ricqlès' research focuses on the history of life, the mechanisms underlying this history and the successive interpretations that have been made of it. He is the bearer of a revolutionary, little-used theory that overturns classical thinking …

Language matters to us in philosophy because reality matters to us. If, as we say in Recherches philosophiques , in philosophy we must guard against the constant temptation to predicate of the thing what resides in the mode of representation, it is …

Summary Russian history has too often fallen victim to contradictory biases and Western viewpoints, rather than being taken for what it is. François-Xavier Coquin prefers to speak of the " Russian world " rather than Russia, because Russia, incorporated …

Abstract In the Mediterranean and Near Eastern world, the transition from monetary instruments to coins took place around 600 BC. By " monetary instrument ", we mean any object that could have been used to measure the value of goods and enable exchanges : …