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Armand de Ricqlès' research focuses on the history of life, the mechanisms underlying this history and the successive interpretations that have been made of it. He is the bearer of a revolutionary, little-used theory that overturns classical thinking …

Abstract This lesson first situates lineage-based societies within a universal theoretical framework. Like all human societies, the lineage-based societies in question not only possess systems of positive law, as established by legal anthropology, but …

Language matters to us in philosophy because reality matters to us. If, as we say in Recherches philosophiques , in philosophy we must guard against the constant temptation to predicate of the thing what resides in the mode of representation, it is …

Summary Russian history has too often fallen victim to contradictory biases and Western viewpoints, rather than being taken for what it is. François-Xavier Coquin prefers to speak of the " Russian world " rather than Russia, because Russia, incorporated …

Abstract In the Mediterranean and Near Eastern world, the transition from monetary instruments to coins took place around 600 BC. By " monetary instrument ", we mean any object that could have been used to measure the value of goods and enable exchanges : …

In my course, “Aggregate Demand: Theory and Empirical Evidence,” I focused primarily on aggregation issues—that is, I analyzed the transition from microeconomic modeling to macroeconomic effects. The problem of aggregation led me to analyze the structure …

Abstract In this lesson, Nathan Wachtel discusses the history of his discipline, going back to the great founders at the time of the discovery of America   : Bernardino de Sahagun and Bartolomé de Las Casas, he then emphasizes the complementary nature of …

Abstract Pierre Toubert begins his opening lecture with the story of the reluctant lecturer, taken from a 10th-century text circulating in Cordoba. In the 12th century, this story was translated from Arabic into Latin, and then passed on to Italy. It …

Summary Medieval letters crystallize all the associations between the past and literature, all the indications that an essential link unites the notion of literature with a sense of the past. The curiosity aroused by medieval literature since its …