On February 8, 2024, Professor Kyle Harper, holder of the Avenir Commun Durable Chair for the 2023–2024 academic year , delivered his first lecture at the Collège de France. In it, he examines how societies of the past responded to the unexpected climatic events they faced. By studying historical examples, he elucidates the concept of “resilience”: far from being subject to absolute determinism, ancient populations were able to draw on their technical knowledge and political capital to overcome the vagaries of fortune.
This article is an edited version of the lecture. The full lecture is available on YouTube .
The year is 51 CE. The vast Roman Empire is ruled by Claudius. The populus Romani, the people of Rome, numbered nearly one million at that time. Rome was then the first city in the world to reach that figure. We now know, thanks to remarkable advances in the study of ancient DNA, that the populus Romani was a heterogeneous population constantly replenished by immigrants from all corners of the empire, particularly from the East. The food supplies available to Rome also came from diverse sources. Grains arrived by deep-draft, high-tonnage ships from Sicily, North Africa, and, of course, Egypt. The people had a keen sense of their political rights, and a large part of the emperor’s mission was to ensure that their stomachs were well-fed.
But in the year 51, as winter set in, hunger gripped the people. Due to poor harvests, bread supplies were insufficient. The giant granaries in the empire’s capital, we are told, were so depleted that there were only fifteen days’ worth of provisions left. An angry mob then turned on Emperor Claudius, showering him with insults and pelting him with bread crusts. The emperor manages to escape through a back door of the palace, then quickly takes action. Although it is the middle of winter, he takes all necessary measures to import more grain. He offers special privileges to merchants who agree to brave the rough winter seas, and he even provides them with government-backed insurance against potential financial losses. The crisis was eventually overcome. We also know that at some point during his reign, Claudius sponsored major construction projects in the port of Portus to ensure the arrival of massive quantities of goods in the capital.
Since, in the end, it was possible to feed the population, it would appear that no other incidents occurred. These events are covered in just a few lines by Tacitus and Suetonius, and even scholars have not paid much attention to this chapter of history. However, crises that do not occur are just as interesting and decisive as those that actually materialized. To understand change, one must understand stability. To understand fragility, one must understand resilience.